Laws of Thermochemistry and Enthalpy Equations

Thermochemical equations are just like other balanced equations except they also specify the heat flow for the reaction. The heat flow is listed to the right of the equation using the symbol ΔH. The most common units are kilojoules, kJ. Here are two thermochemical equations: H2 (g)  ½ O2 (g) → H2O (l); ΔH -285.8 kJ HgO (s) → Hg (l)  ½ O2 (g); ΔH 90.7 kJ Writing Thermochemical Equations When you write thermochemical equations, be sure to keep the following points in mind: Coefficients refer to the number of moles. Thus, for the first equation, -282.8 kJ is the ΔH when 1 mol of H2O (l) is formed from 1 mol H2 (g) and  ½ mol O2.Enthalpy changes for a phase change, so the enthalpy of a substance depends on whether is it is a solid, liquid, or gas. Be sure to specify the phase of the reactants and products using (s), (l), or (g) and be sure to look up the correct ΔH from the  heat of formation tables. The symbol (aq) is used for species in a water (aqueous) solution.​The enthalpy of a substance depends upon temperature. Ideally, you should specify the temperature at which a reaction is carried out. When you look at a table of heats of formation, notice that the temperature of the ΔH is given. For homework problems, and unless otherwise specified, the  temperature is assumed to be 25 °C. In the real world, ​the  temperature may be different and thermochemical calculations can be more difficult. Properties of Thermochemical Equations Certain laws or rules apply when using thermochemical equations: ΔH is directly proportional to the quantity of a substance that reacts or is produced by a reaction. Enthalpy is directly proportional to mass. Therefore, if you double the coefficients in an equation, then the value of ΔH is multiplied by two. For example:H2 (g)  ½ O2 (g) → H2O (l); ΔH -285.8 kJ2 H2 (g) O2 (g) → 2 H2O (l); ΔH -571.6 kJΔH for a reaction is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to ΔH for the reverse reaction. For example:HgO (s) → Hg (l)  ½ O2 (g); ΔH 90.7 kJHg (l)  ½ O2 (l) → HgO (s); ΔH -90.7 kJThis law is commonly applied to phase changes, although it is true when you reverse any thermochemical reaction.ΔH is independent of the number of steps involved. This rule is called Hesss Law. It states that ΔH for a reaction is the same whether it occurs in one step or in a series of steps. Another way to look at it is to remember that ΔH is a state property, so it must be independent of the path of a reaction.If Reaction (1) Reaction (2) Reaction (3), then ΔH3 ΔH1 ΔH2

Why Psychology Is The Anxiety Disorder Essay - 1205 Words

When most people think of psychology they think of therapists and psychological disorders but it’s not, Psychology is much more. Psychology is a rigorous science that’s based on methodical observation and laboratory studies. Which also includes the knowledge in various fields, including problems of treatment of mental illnesses. The four main Psychological concepts that applies to the life of a TV/ Radio Host is Anxiety, Stress, Burnout and Coping. In today’s age of technology there are several avenues where people can receive information pertaining to news, culture and society. For the last half-century of changes in the Media and communications technologies are transforming individual lives and global economics every day. On July. 22, 2011, Norwegian terrorist detonated 950 kilo car bomb close to several government buildings in the city of Oslo, killing eight people and severely injuring 10. Before he was arrested, he had killed 69 people between 14 and 51 yea rs of age, and physically injured 56. (Kristensen 2016) The first concept that applies psychology is the Anxiety disorder. Some may wonder how do we rule the psychological concept as a disorder? Many psychologists agree that an emotion is the most diverse concept in psychology because they don’t generally last as long. The psychological concept states that an emotion can be subjective or can have inner experience. According to Charles Darwin, the evolutionary perspective seeks to understand theShow MoreRelatedDiagnosis Of Anxiety Disorder ( Adhd )872 Words   |  4 PagesDiagnosis of Anxiety Disorder Jake’s origin of his Anxiety Disorder stemmed from the rise in the difficulty of his classes. More specifically, it could have been a behavioral, humanistic, and/or a cognitive factor of which induced his anxiety. Depending on how the counselor came up with Jake’s diagnosis, comparative analysis can be applied to the three possible variable factors of Jake’s counselor’s reasoning, and how other psychologists view each of the same behavioral, humanistic, and cognitiveRead MoreThe Effect Of Taking An Abnormal Psychology Class On Students1748 Words   |  7 Pagesreally have any certain topic within abnormal psychology in mind. I thought the best approach was to start broad and look through articles and see if something stuck out to me as interesting or unique. By doing this method I located two very different articles on PSYCHinfo to examine. The first that I am going to be summarizing and talking about is an article that explained an experiment that was r an to test the effects of taking an abnormal psychology class on students. This experiment basicallyRead MoreWhy Do Some Develop Depression Or Anxiety?1444 Words   |  6 Pagesmental disorders that exist today. I wanted to know why and how do those occur. What causes it to appear? Why is it different in every person’s mind? Although we use the brain for functioning in our everyday life, there are times when we can trick the brain into believing something, making it reliable and unreliable at the same time depending on the circumstances. It’s a complex organ that is designed specifically for each and every individual. Why do some develop depression or anxiety? Why does itRead MoreMusician Suicide1512 Words   |  7 Pagesmost famous cases happened 20 years ago when lead singer of Nirvana Kurt Cobain took his own life, leaving many fans and psychologists wondering why. It’s a phenomenon that has many questioning if there is a positive correlation between being a musicians and being prone to committing suicide as well as the reasons why. In Sheila M. Eldred’s article â€Å"Why Are Musicians More Prone to Suicide?† she looks at a theory proposed by Steve Stack, a suicidal researcher, and Christine Moutier, Chief MedicalRead MoreGeneralized Anxiety Disorder Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Case Analysis: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Bryan Wood Abnormal Psychology Professor Powell April 14, 2015 Bryan Wood Mr. Powell PSY 322 April 14, 2015 Case Analysis: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) â€Å"During a panic attack, the first thing you want to do is get out of the situation that is causing it. However, since most professors find it disrespectful to leave during class, I had to sit for an hour and half in this agonizing state†¦It was as if I had terminal cancerRead MoreThe And Social Anxiety Disorder1087 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: DERMATILLOMANA AND SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORER 1 Dermatillomana and Social Anxiety disorder Brittany J Duncan Antelope Valley College Instructor Richard Manley Abnormal Psychology 234 DERMATILLOMANA AND SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORER 2 Impulsive control disorders consist of many different mental illnesses but one caught my attention which was skin picking also known as Dermatillomana. Dermatillomana is an impulsive disorder where one might find him or herselfRead MoreApplication to Clinical Psychology Paper1745 Words   |  7 PagesApplication of Clinical Psychology Patricia Davis, Kimberly Jewell, Jeffrey Kelley, Demetria Mary Mays Peppers PSY/480 July 23, 2012 Dr. Christa Banton Introduction ~ Deme Science with all its marvels and wonders continues to press forward making extraordinary breakthroughs. Psychology plays a key role in many of sciences steps forward, each branch of psychology focusing on a specific techniques and theories. In the document the center of attention is surroundingRead MorePsychology : Theory Of Psychology1637 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Psychology Module 1. Explain how a person committed to each of the following contemporary perspectives would explain human aggression. a. Psychodynamic: A person committed to psychodynamics would see that human functions are based on the interaction of drives and forces within the unconscious mind of a person. This influences different structures of the personality of the person as well. In addition, a person that is committed to psychodynamics would believe that the fundamentalRead MoreChapter Thirteen Of Experience Psychology982 Words   |  4 PagesChapter thirteen of Experience Psychology focuses on therapies. The four sections that are discussed in this chapter are: biological therapies, psychotherapy, sociocultural approaches and issues in treatment, and the effectiveness of psychotherapy. The treatments that eliminate or reduce symptoms of psychological disorders are biological therapies. These therapies alter the aspects of the body functioning. The three forms of biological therapy are drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgeryRead MoreFreud s Theory Of Psychology1226 Words   |  5 PagesIn psychology, a person’s personality is how the person feels, thinks, and behaves. Psychoanalysis was a theory Sigmund Freud discovered. It was his theory for treating psychological disorders and he did this by using a person’s unconscious mind. He suggested that there was three different stages of awareness in a person’s conscious mind. Level one is consciousness is anytime we’re alert. When we are conscious we are aware of our emotions, sensations, thoughts, and perception. Level two is preconscious

International Journal of Multiple Research - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the International Journal of Multiple Research. Answer: Introduction Marketing function is a very essential factor of business process. Over the years, Organisations have adopted different marketing process to reach their customers in an effective way, so that it is reflected in the market sales.The modern marketing approach is developed, as there has been change in the orientation of the companies approach to its target customers(Scott 2015). The convenient approach to modern marketing techniques is very important part of marketing process, which does not include the advantages of modern marketing techniques. Marketing strategy of companies hasbroader aspects and is affected by physical forces, political forces, societal forces and economic forces. Therefore, a company must go through research and analysis of the target market and its needs to get a proper outcome of its marketing strategies(Westwood 2016). With the globalisation and technological boom, organisations were forced to adopt all the modern techniques to consolidate a proper strategy for their marketing process. After globalisation, the geographic barrier has been reduced in the companies. Therefore, the companies have more opportunities to sell in the market. Toyota goes through mixed strategy of marketing to reach its customers. The traditional marketing approach are utilised by using TV ads, personal selling, direct selling, advertising through papers, public relations. The modern marketing approach is done through the social media advertising through YouTube Videos, media marketing and sports sponsorships are also the most important factor of marketing in Toyota. Background of the study The marketing approaches have changed over the years, because the companies have changed its orientation towards its customers. The traditional marketing techniques were focused into the production facilities of the products. The main criteria of the organisation were to concentrate more on producing goods as much as possible. Products were sold according the availability of the products(Wongleedee 2015). This approach was when there was evolution in industry and commerce. The mass production and distribution was called marketing. However, many manufacturers found that the merchandise was piling up without proper sales plan, which also affected the inventory cost and budgetary control(Royle and Laing 2014). The advertisements became more frequent in the sales process. The aggressive advertisements for the consumers and corporate started to heavily depend on the sales process. The more aggressive personal selling process was also important in that period. The aggressive tactics became very popular and put high pressure in the sales techniques. There have been rise in unethical approaches or false approaches in marketing techniques too. Then came the marketing concept, which looked at the firm as a whole and developed different techniques(Royle and Laing 2014). This new technique considered the production, sales and consumers and developed new approaches to marketing. The implication was very effective according to the managers. The decision-making technique was also vitalised by this process. Sales forecast became easy and budgetary control was mechanised too. The three main points of the new marketing approaches are customer focus, coordination and profit orientation(Royle and Laing 2014). The customer focus factor of the organisations increased compared to the traditional approach of marketing. According to Westwood(2016), the customer became the centre of attention in the new marketing techniques. All the functions were focused in providing a solution for the customers. Understanding the buyers became essential for the companies. As per the suggestions of Peter Drucker, he said that marketing is the process of a nalysing the customer needs and the so well that products or the service should fits well with their needs(Royle and Laing 2014). The coordination elements should consist of the marketing mix as well as related to each other. The business activities related to all the process and function is also related to the product itself and must be viewed as a consolidated process. The profit orientation as a goal should be customer focused. The profitability decision and logical profit planning is also part of the marketing process. The relationship marketing and personal selling has emerged with the new techniques of marketing. The traditional marketing process generally included Print media, broadcast media, direct mail of paper templates and direct telemarketing. The print media was a major source of advertisements for automotive manufacturing company. The newsletters, magazines, brochures and other printed materials were distributed in the market and consumers came to know about that from different sources. The broadcast media marketing included the radio advertisements and commercial broadcasts in radio programs and on air advertisements(Wongleedee 2015). This entertainment technology was very important tool to reach all demography of customers. Direct mailing through post cards, the brochures, the catalogue were distributed and the consumers were reached through the postal mails to attract the customers. The telephone marketing was used to deliver the message and to convince the customers. The telemarketers used aggressive sales techniques to reach the proper sales target. The midsized companies and sm all entrepreneurs engaged their company personnel or did direct mail marketing in the traditional way to reach its customers. As the focus was also to its customers,the television network was used advertisements thatlimited the marketing opportunities. A 30-seconds commercials cost was nearly 3.5 million dollars(Toyota-global.com 2018). The business budgets were also allocated accordingly. Television was the most effective form of advertising in the United States. The conveyance of the messages was clear with this media. The wide circulation of the magazines was also effective with respect to the products. The newspaper was a proper source of who had longer visibility period. According to Scott(2015), the marketing department and sales representatives were only the involved in the sales activity. The modern marketing approach of companiesare more aligned with the companys strategy, vision and mission. According to marketing scholar Kotler marketing strategy is more of a logic of marketing objectives. Once the business unit has formulated the strategies the end goals, they must analyse the program to reach the goals. The goals consolidate the business units strategies. A well though strategies for the companies are initiation of a well thought process. The feedback and control process of the companies are also part of the marketing objectives. The eras of different marketing strategies came from the production era, product era, selling era and marketing era are discussed in the above(Scott 2015). The new approach is more integrated in the newest approach. This modern techniques considers the target market, customer needs, integrated marketing and profitability of the actions. The most important aspect of modern marketing is the social marketing concept. To satisfy the consumer needs and to be in the consumer market for longer period of time social marketing must be considered. This also should be included in the overall marketing objectives(Scott 2015). The consumer wants and needs are more transparent in this aspect. The social responsibility of marketing should also be considered in the following process. Research Aims and objectives Aims of the study The main aim of this research is to critically analyse the both traditional and modern marketing techniques. The research also evaluates the reflection of the two-compared marketing process and how that applies to the Toyota has adopted marketing strategies. The aim also demands to be critical about the evaluation. Objectives of the study The main objectives of the research are To analyse the effectiveness of the modern marketing plan of the organisations compared to the traditional ways of marketing. To identify if there is any improvement in the modern marketing process after adopting with respect to sales maximisation or profitability maximisation. To evaluate the performance of Toyota in a given time frame To recommend better strategies that Toyota can implement in their organisation? Formulating the research Questions What modern marketing techniques is more effective than traditional marketing techniques regarding Toyota Corporation? What are the improvements after the emergence of the modern marketing techniques in the firm? What can be evaluated from the performance of the company within a given time frame? Problem statement It has been found that the company faces challenges in convincing their customers about the safety and security needs of the cars. It is a communication gap of the marketing professionals that they could not convince the new customers of the safety needs covered in the car manufacturing mechanism. The customers of the company are losing confidence in the cars, which can lead to a crisis for this global organisation. Therefore, the firm needs to revisit the marketing process and adopt new marketing strategy. The proper targeting, segmenting and positioning of the identified demography of people is needed for the firm. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the problem in the marketing process that affects the overall performance of the organisation. To remain competitive and generate proper revenue, this crisis management through revaluate marketing process is necessary. Thus, it is one of the major criteria to be fulfilled in the organisation. Therefore, the real problem lies in the marketing approaches of the company. Toyotas both marketing approaches needs to be evaluated that if the traditional marketing approaches is more effective or modern marketing approaches. The problem also lies in the marketing approach of traditional ways.Certain drawbacks in the process was identified regarding crisis management of not communicating the proper safety messages to the customers. The main criteria were to identify the gap in the traditional marketing approach and fulfilling that with the modern marketing approach. Rationale of the study Modern marketing system is one of the most important functions that a firm should take into account. To develop a proper relationship with the customers the modern marketing approaches is effective. Not only the 4 Ps there is another P that is involved in the marketing process which is fifth P known as Participation. Participation is letting the customers sneak a peek to the products or the services. This essential factor makes the marketing procedure more effective, which is included in the modern marketing techniques. The company is recently facing issues regarding the customers confidence in their product, which have been identified in the problem statement. This has been primarily caused by communication gap between the customers and the marketing professionals in the company. The problem recognised in the company lies in the marketing approach. The traditional as well as modern marketing approaches are also a problem. The traditional marketing approaches considered different means of marketing that were favourable for different target segments but modern marketing approaches are more digitalised. Therefore, the customer profile of the product also varies. The modern marketing approaches are based on participation too. Therefore, both marketing approaches will be evaluated in the study. Toyota spends a huge amount in its marketing process. Therefore, this topic has been chosen keeping in mind the marketing crisis they are facing in their customers. Moreover, in the recent years they have adopted several modern marketing techniques (Johnsonet al. 2013). The rationale of the study also lies in comparing the effectiveness of modern marketing techniques with respect to the traditional ones. As well as evaluating the overall performance of the company. Moreover, in the recent trend the companys most important function is Choice of organisation After 75 years of automobile manufacturing services and sales, this Japan based company became a leader in the industry in its own market industry as well as in the international market(toyota-global.com 2018). According to the trend in the marketing Toyota has also adopted different marketing techniques. Traditional techniques of direct marketing that include direct sales, retail networks and showroom sales of cars. In modern techniques of marketing, Toyota has adopted YouTube channels to reach its customers with this media advertisement approach. As from the sales in volume US is one of the most important customer of Toyota cars. They have spent huge amounts in these media advertisements too. The company has 635 billion yen capital as of 2017(toyota-global.com 2018). The company has become global market leader in automotive manufacturing and sales. In the recent years, the company is facing trust issues in their customer demographics and marketing management. Therefore, as per the area chosen for the research, the company possess proper opportunities of having a background of the research(Morgan 2012). The main criteria for choosing this organisation are also that the company has evolved from the traditional marketing approaches to modern techniques. They have also faced massive marketing challenges in the recent years regarding the sales of newer models of Lexus. Therefore, the company has a better platform of research. They are also adopting newer marketing techniques to take care of the marketing gap to win back their customers. Thus, the effectiveness of the modern marketing approaches can be analysing with respect to the traditional approach of the Toyotas marketing department. Structure of the study The First chapter of the study gives a brief introduction to the topic of marketing and its two different approach. It also contains initial foundations of the study. The rationale and research questions and objective is also given in this section. The second chapter of this study in marketing approach consists of the theories of the related matter. The theoretical concept of marketing is analysed in the companys perspectives. The mentioned theoretical framework and conceptual framework is also developed according to the need of the company. The identified gap is also one of the most important factors in implementing in the real implementation. The third chapter consolidates the research methods and the implementation procedures. This chapter helps in implementing the principle of modern marketing approach in actual research methodology. This chapter consist of the research philosophy, research design, approach, and data collection process. The fourth chapter is to take into account of the results. The fourth chapter is to be consists of the data collection process as well as the interpretation of the data. The qualitative and quantitative method of constructing the data and tables must be processed in the company. The chapter also interprets the data collected. The fifth chapter of the study consist of the analysis and consolidation of the interpreted results. This chapter also highlights the conclusion of the factors of the research. The effectiveness of the marketing approaches will be analysed with respect to the company. The recommendation will be given as per the data analysed. Effective recommendation to perform better in the future will also be given. Chapter Summary The first chapter in the introduction is given after gathering preliminary data on the company and based on that the research questions and objectives are given. The research has been done in the introduction section and considered to be important part as per the relevancy of the topic. The organisations present scenario is also gathered in the process. References Alon, I., Jaffe, E., Prange, C. and Vianelli, D., 2016.Global marketing: Contemporary theory, practice, and cases. Routledge. Baker, M.J., 2014.Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Bernard, H. R. (2011) Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. 5th ed. Plymouth: Alta Mira Press. Brannen, J. (2009) Prologue, mixed methods for novice researchers: reflections and themes, International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches, 3(1), pp. 8-12.and Pearce, J. (2012) Doing Research in Design - Page 68, 2nd ed. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. Cameron, R. (2009) 'A sequential mixed model research design: design, analytical and display issues', International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches, 3(2), pp. 140-152 Crouch, Brannen, J. (2009) Prologue, mixed methods for novice researchers: reflections and themes, International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches, 3(1), pp. 8-12. Crouch, C. and Pearce, J. (2012) Doing Research in Design - Page 68, 2nd ed. Ellis, T. and Levy, Y. (2015) Towards a guide for novice researchers on research methodology: Review and proposed methods, Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, 6, pp. 323-337. Johnson, R. B., Onwuegbuzie, A. J. and Turner, L. A. (2013) Toward a definition of mixed methods research, Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), pp. 112-33 Lancaster, G. (2012) Research Methods in Management, 4th ed. Oxford: Elsevier. Morgan, D. L. (2012) Paradigms lost and pragmatism regained: methodological implications of combining qualitative and quantitative methods?, Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1), pp. 48-76. Royle, J. and Laing, A., 2014. The digital marketing skills gap: Developing a Digital Marketer Model for the communication industries.International Journal of Information Management,34(2), pp.65-73. Saunders, M. N., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2012) Research methods for business students, Page 52, 5th ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall Scott, D.M., 2015.The new rules of marketing and PR: How to use social media, online video, mobile applications, blogs, news releases, and viral marketing to reach buyers directly. John Wiley Sons. TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION GLOBAL WEBSITE. (2018).TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION GLOBAL WEBSITE. [online] Available at: https://www.toyota-global.com/ [Accessed 18 Jan. 2018]. Westwood, J., 2016.How to write a marketing plan. Kogan Page Publishers Wijaya, B.S., 2015. The development of hierarchy of effects model in advertising.International Research Journal of Business Studies,5(1). Wongleedee, K., 2015. Marketing mix and purchasing behavior for community products at traditional markets.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,197, pp.2080-2085.

The Final Months Of The Civil War Essays - American Civil War

The Final Months Of The Civil War The Final Months of the Civil War The Civil War was one of momentous proportion. It was disastrous in terms of human life, because more Americans died in this war that any other war in history. This paper is mainly about and around those involved on the battlefield in the final months of the civil war. It will also refer to the leading men behind the Union and Confederate forces. The war was coming to an end by January of 1865. At that time, Federal, Union, armies were spread throughout the Confederacy and the Confederate Army had greatly shrunk in size. The year before the North had suffered a huge loss of lives, but had more than enough to lose in comparison to the South. General Ulysses S. Grant became known as the ?Butcher? and many wanted him removed. (Grant, Ulysses S., Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant. New York: Charles L. Webster & Co., 1894.) The war continued as Lincoln stood firm with his General. This paper will cover the events between the winter of 1864-1865 and the surrender of the Confederate States of America and will show that April 9, 1865 was indeed the end of a great tragedy. General William T. Sherman and his army cleared the civilian population of the city of Atlanta in September of 1864, then took a brief rest. It was from Atlanta that General Sherman and his army began the famous ?march to the sea?. The great march was 400 miles long and 60 miles wide. No news was heard of Sherman for 32 days. His men lived on whatever they could get from the area of the country through which they passed, as Sherman had cut himself off from his base and any supplies. Although, the army destroyed anything and everything that was in their path, they were not seen as the enemy. In view of this destruction, it is understandable that Sherman quoted, ?War is hell!? (Sherman, William T., Memoirs of General William T. Sherman. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1972.) Sherman's men reached the city of Savannah on December 20, and from there Sherman telegraphed to President Lincoln: ?I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah, with 150 heavy guns and plenty o f ammunition, and also about 25,000 bales of cotton.? (Sherman, William T., Memoirs of General William T. Sherman. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1972.) Grant's decision that the only way to win and finish the war was to crunch with numbers. He knew that the federal forces held more than a modest advantage in terms of men and supplies. Grant directed Sherman to turn around and head back toward Virginia with this in mind. He immediately began making preparations to provide assistance to Sherman on the journey. General John M. Schofield and his men had just defeated the Confederates in Nashville and were to disengage from the Army of the Cumberland and then proceed toward North Carolina. His final destination was to be Goldsboro which was roughly half the distance between Savannah and Richmond. He was to meet Sherman and his troops of 50,000 there with his troop of 20,000. Sherman began moving north in mid January of 1865. The only hope of Confederate resistance would be supplied by General P. G. T. Beauregard. He was putting together an army with every means possible but was only able to assemble about 30,000 men. This would be no challenge to the combined forces of Schofield and Sherman. Sherman's plan was to march through South Carolina while confusing the opponent the entire time. His men would march in two ranks. One would travel northwest to give the impression of a press against Augusta, and the other would march northeast toward Charleston. Sherman's force arrived in Columbia on February 16. Great controversary arose as the city was burned to the ground. The Confederates claimed that Sherman's men had set the fires ?deliberately, systematically, and atrociously?. Sherman claimed that the fires were already burning when they had arrived. Cotton bales were set on fire by the Confederate Calvary to prevent the Federal Army from getting to them and the high winds quickly spread the fire. The controversary was

Plagiarism and Academic Integrity

Plagiarism and Academic Integrity Plagiarism is referred to as literary theft and academic dishonesty, which usually occurs when someone copies the work, ideas and opinions of another author and expresses them as though they are his own without giving credit to the originator. It is very common among higher learning academicians especially when doing write ups for their projects, term papers or thesis.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Plagiarism and Academic Integrity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Plagiarism is a very serious offence and it can attract penalties since copyright takes authors words as his own property and the author has rights to sue in the court of law in case of plagiarism. Plagiarizing not only involves written materials but also piracy in music and other properties. On the other hand academic integrity refer to a situation whereby students in higher learning institution hold highly on the moral values academics and do their work honestly without cheating (Drinan and Gallant, 2010). It encourages acts of independent learning and critical thinking (White, Owens, and Nguyen 2007). To maintain academic integrity, academicians should avoid acts of dishonesty, cheating, plagiarism among others. Institutions of higher learning should encourage academic integrity since it really helps students to develop academically and it makes it easy for them to face all kinds of challenges in their area of study. Academicians give several reasons for plagiarizing some of which include: to help a friend, time pressure, extenuating circumstances, peer pressure, to increase the mark, monetary reward, fear of failure, everybody does it, laziness, lack of research skills, institution admission criteria, poor academic skills, student understanding of plagiarism, external pressure to succeed, careless tutors and invigilators, among others (Devlin and Gray, 2007). Other reasons may be the advanced technology where by information is r eadily available online, financial problems where the student cannot afford resource materials, and low chance of being caught. Let us look at some of these reasons in details. The following essay will show clearly what academic integrity entails, the reason behind plagiarism and how academicians may overcome it to maintain academic integrity.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Peer Pressure Peer pressure is a very common scenario in many learning institutions and many students are not able to curb the challenge effectively (Devlin and Gray, 2007). International students are likely to fall to peer-pressure than local ones since they may be seeking comfort and friendship in a place far away from home where they are not familiar with most places and lifestyle. Peer pressure maybe as a result of several factors. For example, a student may be working very hard to do an assignment h onestly but on realizing that most of her classmates are plagiarizing, he/she may prone to do it too. In other instances, the local students in to adventure and having fun may easily influence international students and since they are new to the environment, they may have fun at the expense of the assignment leading to plagiarizing (Vermaat, 2008, Peer, 2009). Time management International students in higher learning institutions are usually involved in many activities such as jobs, family responsibilities and may be having many units to cover. This is because most of them are usually far away from their families thus they have to cater for their basic needs as they learn. For instance, most of the international students in the institutions of higher learning do their studies part time after their usual economic businesses. Others are obsessed with having fun leaving very little time for their academic activities while some are generally lazy (Devlin and Gray, 2007). Due to their bi g workload, they ought to have a very clear schedule for their activities. The ability of a student to manage his/her time well in college is a key to his/her success. Most of the research papers in higher learning institutions are meant to gauge the student qualification for the area he/she may be covering thus requires ample time. Plagiarism in this case may be accelerated by procrastination whereby the student keeps on pushing the time to work on his paper until he/she is caught up with the deadline (UNSW, 2010). When students are caught up with the deadline, they are prone to panic and are therefore not able to concentrate or do enough research for their paper. They may end up getting involved in plagiarism to save the situation. Most international students find it hard to adopt the new curriculum and may not be keen on giving enough time to their research paper because of the advanced technology. They know that they can still get the information from the internet or other books thus being reluctant.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Plagiarism and Academic Integrity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They may also be going through financial strain as they adapt to the new lifestyle or because their guardians are far away thus looking for means to support themselves as they do their studies. This may lead them to poor time management since the job may be draining most of their time leaving them with very little time for their research paper. Pressure to succeed Whenever a student joins any institution of higher learning, failing is never an option and the mission right from day one is to get the best grades possible. The pressure may even be more for international students since it takes some so much sacrifice and strain to seek better education at international institutions. Pressure to succeed and fear of failure is perceived form all direction. For instance, the parents will always be proud of their child if he/she succeeds, the college always sets pass mark giving a student pressure to pass, whoever is learning also gets satisfaction and fulfillment after succeeding, the job market first absorbs the successful students, and in essence pressure to succeed comes from all direction (Sutherland-Smith, 2008) The education system is so materialistic in a manner that there is always a reward for the successful student and therefore the student will take every action that will help him/her succeed. In this case, whenever a student is given any form of assignment, chances of plagiarism are so high since he/she to present the best work possible. Through plagiarism, a student is assured of a better grade without putting so much effort or thinking too hard. Some students may be promised monetary gains in case of success while others may be lazy and want to get away with a good grade without sacrificing a lot. Other students may be taking courses they have a negative attitude tow ards, of which they have to pass thus making them prone to plagiarism (Devlin and Gray, 2007). This mostly happens to international students when they realize hat most of their areas of study are different from what they were used to at home. This is probably because they do not understand the concept behind their area of study or else, there are just interested in passing to leave the area and do something of their interest. This comes about when students make uninformed decisions when choosing their area of study or guardians force them in to a certain profession. How to overcome plagiarism Institutions of higher learning can only curb the problem of plagiarism by fostering academic integrity, which is composed of the following principles (Drinan and Gallant, 2010): Honesty- The students and tutors should have a driving force to be honest in learning, research and in exams.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Honesty gives a student satisfaction and fulfillment on the grades achieved, enabling him/her to identify and work on his/her weak areas. For international students who may be facing challenges adapting to the new system, it is advisable to develop interest to learn and create more time in order to understand the concept. Trust: Institutions of higher learning and their students should create an atmosphere of trust where by none of them is afraid that the other may be dishonest in one way or the other. This will minimize cases of peer pressure whereby some honest student are forced to copy since everyone in class is doing it. This way, they are able to exchange ideas freely and they can help each other build well on their research and writing talents. Fairness: Tutors should always develop an attitude of fairness to their student’s right from the beginning whether they are local or international. They should be keen to encourage the honest students by rewarding their hard wor k well and putting strict measures to those caught with cases of dishonesty. Many institutions have come up with means of capturing cases of academic dishonesty such as CCTV in exam rooms, software to detect digital plagiarism and this has encouraged student to work on their own thus getting fair rewards. Tutors should also be fair when marking papers in order to raise the morale of their students and should create a conducive environment for the international students to learn (Keuskamp and Sliuzas, 2007) Respect: Academicians should hold the value of education dearly and with a lot of respect. Every credit in this field should be worked for and held with much integrity since it should be an evidence of the efforts the bearer has put towards its achievement. In this case students should manage their time carefully and this will enable them manage the pressure to pass without straining. It is therefore important to hold on to academic integrity and avoid cases of academic dishonesty . Responsibility: Institutions of higher learning are meant to nature a spirit of responsibility not only in college but also in their day-to-day life. This should begin right from college where students should be responsible of their research papers by working hard without depending on other author’s materials. They should be taught the importance of time management and independence Local and international students should know the institutions mission right from the beginning in to work towards it. Apart from the above principles of academic integrity, researchers should ensure that any information retrieved from another persons work is properly cited and references given. This can only be possible if the institution can facilitate on writing skills from the beginning of course work because many students get hardships when doing their write-ups due to lack of proper prior information. Another way of overcoming plagiarism is through extensive discussions about it between the staff and the students in order to bring the issue to the light. This is because plagiarism has been hidden for many days through assumption that it is not a very serious issue. This leads many students to taking the issue lightly since they do not know much about plagiarism. This is what leads to unintentional plagiarism since the student may think it is okay since no one talks about it. The staff should hole sessions with the students on time management and they way to live independently without much influence from the peers. Conclusion Academic integrity go hand in hand with plagiarism since for the former to operate, the latter should be totally avoided. When academic integrity is not upheld, it undermines the core values through which knowledge is obtained thus damaging the reputation of the larger academic community. I would recommend that writing skills to be included in every curriculum as a common unit to give learners ample knowledge on how to learn independently and invol ve critical thinking whenever they are carrying out their assignments. It should be clear that plagiarism is a very serious offence, which should be discouraged in every institution. This is because most tutors and students have had a mentality that plagiarism is just one simple way of accomplishing their course of duty. References Barrier, J. Presti, D. (2000). Digital plagiarisms. Retrieved from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1761843/. Devlin, M. Gray, K. (2007). A qualitative study of the Reasons Australian university students plagiarize. Centre for the Study of Higher Education, The University of Melbourne. Retrieved from deakin.edu.au/dro/eserv/DU:30006690/devlin-intheirownwords.pdf Drinan, P. Gallant, T. (2010), Student Conduct Practice. Virginia: Stylus Publishing. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=PplF1P6RVm0Cpg=PA258dq=academic+integrityhl=enei=_7rHTM3vB4fwsga4rNDGBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CC4Q6AEwAg#v=onepageq=academic%20integrityf=true. Keuskamp, D. Sliuzas, R. (2007). Plagiarism prevention or detection? The contribution of text-matching software to education about academic integrity. Journal of Academic Language Learning, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 91-A99. Retrieved from http://journal.aall.org.au/index.php/jall/article/viewFile/29/41 Peer pressure and plagiarism. (2009). Peer pressure and plagiarism. Retrieved from http://peerpressureandplagiarism.blogspot.com/. Sutherland-Smith, W. (2008). Plagiarism, the Internet, and Students learning. NY, Routledge. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=QBAgs5kiNaMCpg=PA175dq=plagiarism-pressure+to+succeedhl=enei=C87HTPjKCIX1sgbSkanYDQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageqf=true. The University of New South Wales. (2010). How Does Plagiarism Happen? Retrieved from lc.unsw.edu.au/plagiarism/how_2.html. Vermaat, S. (2008). Discovering Computers 2009: Introductory. Cengage Learning. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=qqdGbLYpl4wCprintse c=copyright#v=onepageqf=false. Â  White, F., Owens, C. Nguyen, M. (2007). Using a constructive feedback approach to effectively reduce student plagiarism among first-year psychology students. http://sydney.edu.au/science/uniserve_science/pubs/procs/2008/127.pdf.

You Can tell a lot about people by observing what they wear and eat Essay

You Can tell a lot about people by observing what they wear and eat - Essay Example Food preferences vary due to many factors including age, gender, socio-economic status, nationality, lifestyle and environment. For instance, people from middle and upper classes tend to eat healthier compared to those who grow up in poor families. Organic food, which is quite expensive, is usually consumed by those who can afford it and tries to follow a healthy life style. Teenagers and children are more likely to eat fast food and sweets than adults. Generally, there are common food choice patters between different groups of people based on the way they live but this is not all information people get observing meals of others. Even the process of eating can tell enough about who they really are. According to Santillano (2015), people who eat slowly are used to routine in their lives. At the same time, they do not lose their chance to relax and get positive experience savoring their food. People who eat quickly have other priorities and prefer to minimize time they spend on basic things. People express their hobbies, attitudes and lifestyles in their food choices. People who do not eat meat can express their care about animals or own health in this way by their diet. Gym-lovers will eat more protein which comes from white meat, cottage cheese and eggs alongside with protein cocktails and special power bars to source their muscles with energy for growth. On the contrary, girls on diet will choose smaller portions that contain fewer calories and more vegetables and fruit. Overall, there are many hints about lifestyle and personality one can spot observing what people eat. Clothes also reveal much information about a person who wears it. As well as food, it reflects age, gender, socio-economic status, lifestyle, belonging to subcultures, hobbies and personality traits. Moreover, it is no difficult to get information about peoples approximate height and weights without seeing them just with the help of their

The Law of the UK and the US on Assisted Death Essay

The Law of the UK and the US on Assisted Death - Essay Example In the present day there have been attempts to legalize assisted suicide. This attempt has met strong opposition from human rights activists citing issues of right to life. However some states in the United States have legalized assisted dying while it remains illegal in other states. In the United Kingdom assisted death is still illegal despite the many efforts by the parliament to pass a bill in its support. Legal Concerns Three American states namely Washington, Montana and Oregon have legalized assisted suicide. Oregon has enacted the Oregon Death with Dignity Act which has legalized assisted death. Washington too has enacted its own law namely the Washington Death with Dignity Act which too has legalized assisted suicide. In Montana assisted death was legalized via a ruling in the case of Baxter v Montana 20091. However, there are many barriers to use of these provisions considering the fact that the right to life which is a constitutional right guaranteed by the constitution of the United States. An instance where the use of the provisions of the enactments has been limited is in Oregon where a physician may prescribe a medication which however must be self-administered. The person is required to be a resident of Oregon. To escape criminal liability two oral requests from the patient and a written request for prescription are a requirement. The doctor must also give a written confirmation that the act by the patient was informed and voluntary. All these limitations to these provisions check the balance between the constitutional rights to life. In some states there are enacted laws which specifically prohibit assisted suicide. For example in Alaska, Statute 11.41.120(a) (2) specifically prohibits assisted dying2. The supreme court of Alaska declared unanimously in the case of Sampson V. Alaska, that the right to assisted suicide was unconstitutional and upheld the Alaska law that prohibits the assisted suicide3. Florida State’s Statute 782.08 and e uthanasia law specifically prohibit assisted dying. In Krischer v Mclver, the supreme court of Florida ruled that under the constitution of Florida the right to assisted suicide was prohibited4. The Oregon state legalized assisted dying after November the year 1994 when Oregon citizens voted for a physician assisted suicide by their vote of 51% to 49%. Later in the year 1997, the citizens rejected an attempt to overturn this law by a majority of 60%5. The Michigan law expressly prohibits assisted suicide. The law provides that a person is guilty of criminal offence if he or she knows that another person intends to commits suicide and with the intention to assist that person himself or herself provides a means or means through which that individuals kills himself or herself6. The person is also guilty where he or she directly participates in the act of killing the person committing suicide. Thus it’s still an offence in instance of attempted suicide. In most of the States of U nited States, it is a criminal offence to assist someone to commit suicide. Alpers and Benard affirm that churches and human rights activist have strongly fought against any attempt to enact laws that allow assisted dying7. This has been a bone of contention for a long period. Humanitarian groups now feel that the law is oppressive to the extent that it deprives an individual their right of being autonomous beings. Thus there have been debates that the law allowing attempted suicide is incompatible with the